Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of Medicaid revision to ensure equitable access to oral health care for individuals of all income levels. Furthermore, it notes that many barriers may exist simultaneously thus any long-term solution would require a fundamental change in socio-economic circumstance. 

 The main purpose of this study is to determine the mean ages and standard deviation of eruption times for permanent dentition among Sudanese children and to compare it with other population groups. Methodology : Descriptive cross sectional study school-based, basic schools in Khartoum state,study sample was 616 individuals. Conclusion: from the result of the present study it could be concluded that parallel to earlier reports on different ethnic groups, the results of this study indicate that the permanent teeth of Sudanese children in Khartoum state erupt earlier in girls than in boys. The difference range from four months to one year.In this study the permanent teeth of Sudanese children in Khartoum state clearly emerge later than Africans by about 18 months. Caucasian precedes Sudanese in eruption time of anterior teeth only by 12 to 18 months with exception of these anterior teeth the time of eruption is almost same.

 Objective: This review investigated the potential of application of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in mature necrotic permanent teeth with apical pathology, as an alternative to root canal treatment (RCT), in terms of elimination of signs and symptoms and healing of apical lesions.

Material and methods: Electronic searches were performed in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library databases. The retrieved studies were evaluated according to pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: Among 344 retrieved studies, 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Conclusions: Although only few clinical reports could be retrieved, their findings were promising and indicated that REP can to some extent replace RCT, since elimination of clinical signs and symptoms and apical lesion resolution could be accomplished with REPs. Re-establishment of tooth sensation may also be possible. Further research is necessary to establish reliable protocols for REPs in mature teeth

 The aim of this study was the comparison of the concentration of two major growth factors, platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in two platelet concentrates (PC), concentrated growth factor (CGF) and platelet rich plas ma (PRP), as well as the evaluation of the age effect in their concentrations. PRP is a well-studied platelet concentrate with very high con gregations of active blood components crucial for Regenerative Endodontic Procedures (REP). CGF has been found to promote the in vitro proliferation, migration and differentiation of stem cells of apical papilla, but it has not been used clinically, yet. Twenty healthy individuals participated in this study, in two age groups, 20-30 and 40-50 years old. 10 ml of venous blood was drawn from each participant, 5ml of which was stored with anticoagulant agent in order to prepare the PRP and the rest 5ml were immediately centrifuged to prepare the CGF. All specimens were stored at sterile Eppendorf tubes at -80°C. PDGF-BB and VEGF levels were identified using ELISA kits and the results were used for statistical analysis, by using SPSS Statistics. PDGF-BB levels were higher in PRP than in CGF of the same donor, though VEGF show no significant difference. According to this study PRP contains higher concentration of PDGF-BB compared to CGF, but there is no signifi cant difference between the levels of VEGF. Growth factor levels do not seem to have important differences between the two age groups